International Investment Agreements (IIAs)
Learn about Singapore’s extensive network of International Investment Agreements that protect Singapore investors and their investments abroad.
Last updated on 25 September 2026
What are IIAs?
International Investment Agreements (IIAs) are treaties between states that establish a framework for the protection and promotion of foreign investment.
Singapore’s IIAs consist of Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)/Investment Guarantee Agreements (IGAs) and FTA Investment Chapters. BITs set out standards of treatment that each state must accord to investors, giving foreign investors greater certainty and confidence. BITs also provide dispute resolution mechanisms, including avenues for foreign investors to bring claims directly against the host state before international arbitral tribunals. Singapore’s FTA Investment Chapters usually contain additional commitments on market access for foreign investors.
Examples of IIA obligations include:
National Treatment and Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment– treating foreign investors as favourably as domestic investors or foreign investors from other countries;
Minimum Standard of Treatment – treating foreign investors fairly and equitably, as well as giving them protection and security;
Expropriation – establishing clear limits on the expropriation of investments and providing fair compensation to foreign investors should expropriation occur;
Transfers – allowing foreign investors to freely transfer their capital in and out of the host State; and
Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) – allowing foreign investors to directly submit investment disputes to international arbitration.
Singapore has BITs/IGAs and FTA Investment Chapters in force with over 60 trading partners.
Our BITs/IGAs
The table below provides details on Singapore's BITs/IGAs which are already in force.
BITs/IGAs
No. | Countries | Date of Entry into Force | BIT/IGA Text | Remarks |
1. | Bahrain | 8 Dec 2004 | ||
2. | Bangladesh | 19 Nov 2004 | ||
3. | Belarus | 13 Jan 2001 | ||
4. | Belgium and Luxembourg | 27 Nov 1980 | The Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU)-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EU-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement (EUSIPA) enters into force. | |
5. | Bulgaria | 10 Feb 2006 | The Bulgaria-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
6. | Cambodia | 24 Feb 2000 | Cambodia is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: | |
7. | Canada | 30 Jul 1971 | Canada is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: | |
8. | Cote d’Ivoire | 26 Aug 2025 | ||
9. | Czech Republic | 7 Oct 1995 | The Czech Republic-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
10. | DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) | 18 Mar 2009 | ||
11. | Egypt | 20 Mar 2002 | ||
12. | France | 18 Oct 1976 | The France-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
13. | Germany | 1 Oct 1975 | The Germany-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
14. | Hungary | 1 Jan 1999 | The Hungary-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
15. | Indonesia | 9 Mar 2021 | Indonesia is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA | |
16. | Iran | 28 Feb 2018 | ||
17. | Jordan | 22 Aug 2005 | ||
18. | Kazakhstan | 29 Mar 2024 | Kazakhstan is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · EAEUSFTA | |
19. | Kenya | 20 Aug 2023 | ||
20. | Kuwait | 15 Apr 2013 | ||
21. | Lao PDR | 26 Mar 1998 | Lao PDR is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA | |
22. | Latvia | 18 Mar 1999 | The Latvia-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
23. | Libya | 22 Dec 2011 | ||
24. | Mauritius | 19 Apr 2000 | ||
25. | Mexico | 3 Apr 2011 | Mexico is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · CPTPP The Mexico-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the PASFTA enters into force between Singapore and Mexico. | |
26. | Mongolia | 7 Jan 1996 | ||
27. | Myanmar | 9 Oct 2020 | Myanmar is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA | |
28. | Netherlands | 7 Sep 1973 | The Netherlands-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
29. | Nigeria | 22 Aug 2025 | ||
30. | Oman | 12 Oct 2008 | ||
31. | Pakistan | 4 May 1995 | ||
32. | Poland | 29 Dec 1993 | The Poland-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
33. | Qatar | 25 Apr 2018 | ||
34. | Russia | 16 Jun 2012 | ||
35. | Rwanda | 16 Oct 2020 | ||
36. | Saudi Arabia | 5 Oct 2007 | ||
37. | Slovak Republic | 6 Jun 2007 | The Slovak Republic-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
38. | Slovenia | 8 Sep 2000 | The Slovenia-Singapore BIT will be terminated once the EUSIPA enters into force. | |
39. | Switzerland | 3 May 1978 | Switzerland is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · ESFTA | |
40. | Ukraine | 14 Jul 2007 | ||
41. | United Kingdom | 22 Jul 1975 | The United Kingdom is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · CPTPP | |
42. | United States | 25 Mar 1966 | The United States is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · USSFTA | |
43. | Uzbekistan | 23 Nov 2003 | ||
44. | United Arab Emirates | 8 Apr 2012 | ||
45. | Vietnam | 25 Dec 1992 | Vietnam is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA |
Investment Chapters/Agreements in our FTAs
The table below lists Singapore's FTAs with Investment Chapters or Agreements. You may also access the other Chapters of these FTAs via Enterprise Singapore's FTA webpage (opens in new tab), including cross-cutting Chapters with provisions which may also apply to the Investment Chapter or Agreement.
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No. | FTAs with Investment Chapters or Agreements | Date of Entry into Force | Investment Chapter | Remarks |
1. | Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore Comprehensive on a Closer Economic Partnership (ANZSCEP) | 1 Jan 2001 | EN [PDF, 208 KB] (opens in new tab) | The ANZSCEP Upgrade Protocol saw amendments to the Investment Chapter, and entered into force on 1 Jan 2020. |
2. | ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA) | 1 Jan 2010 | The Second Protocol to Amend the AANZFTA saw amendments to the Investment Chapter. It entered into force for Australia, New Zealand, Brunei, Lao PDR, Malaysia and Singapore on 21 April 2025; Vietnam on 22 August 2025; Thailand on 1 October 2025; and Myanmar on 12 October 2025; and Cambodia on 20 February 2026. | |
3. | ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA) | 1 Jan 2010 | The ACFTA Upgrade Protocol entered into force on 1 July 2016, while the ACFTA 3.0 Upgrade Protocol was signed by China and all ASEAN Member States (except Timor-Leste) on 28 October 2025, and will enter into force 60 days after China and at least 5 ASEAN Member States complete their necessary domestic procedures. As of 3 June 2026, Lao PDR, Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar and Brunei have completed the necessary domestic procedures. | |
4. | ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA) | 29 Mar 2012 | The ACIA is part of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). The ACIA has been updated by five (5) separate amending protocols. The First Protocol entered into force on 12 September 2016; the Second and Third Protocol entered into force on 18 June 2020; the Fourth Protocol entered into force on 10 January 2023; and the Fifth Protocol was signed by all ASEAN Member States (except Timor-Leste) on 13 March 2026, but has not yet entered into force. | |
5. | ASEAN-Hong Kong, China Investment Agreement (AHKIA) | 17 Jun 2019 | The AHKIA entered into force for Singapore, Hong Kong, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam on 17 June 2019; Malaysia on 13 October 2019; Philippines on 12 May 2020; Indonesia on 4 July 2020; Brunei on 20 Oct 2020; and Cambodia on 12 February 2021. | |
6. | ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) | 1 Jul 2015 | The ASEAN-India Investment Agreement (AIIA) is part of the AIFTA. The AIIA entered into force for Thailand on 30 June 2015; India, Brunei, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Vietnam on 1 July 2015; Philippines on 16 May 2016; Lao PDR on 9 February 2019; and Indonesia on 22 April 2019. The AIIA has not yet entered into force for Cambodia. | |
7. | ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP) | 1 Dec 2008 | The First Protocol to Amend the AJCEP (which formally added the Investment Chapter) entered into force for Japan, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam on 1 Aug 2020; Brunei on 1 Oct 2020; and Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines on 1 February 2022. | |
8. | ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Area (AKFTA) | 1 Sep 2009 | The ASEAN-Korea Investment Agreement (AKIA) is part of the AKFTA. The AKIA entered into force for the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia on 1 September 2009; Brunei on 1 November 2009; Thailand and Vietnam on 1 December 2009; Myanmar on 1 January 2010; Indonesia and the Philippines on 1 June 2010; Cambodia on 1 November 2010; and Lao PDR on 1 December 2010. | |
9. | China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA) | 1 Jan 2009 | The CSFTA Upgrade Protocol entered into force on 16 Oct 2019. The CSFTA Further Upgrade Protocol entered into force on 31 December 2024. | |
10. | Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) | 30 Dec 2018 | The CPTPP has 12 Members, viz. Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and Vietnam. The United Kingdom’s CPTPP Accession Protocol entered into force on 15 December 2024 between Singapore and the United Kingdom. | |
11. | Eurasian Economic Union-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EAEUSFTA) | 1 Feb 2021 | The EAEUSFTA Services and Investment Agreements with Armenia and Kazakhstan entered into force on 1 Feb 2021 and 1 Mar 2025 respectively. | |
12. | European Free Trade Association-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (ESFTA) | 1 Jan 2003 | The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. | |
13. | European Union-Singapore FTA (EUSFTA) | 21 Nov 2019 | The EU-Singapore Investment Protection Agreement will enter into force once all EU Member States have ratified it. | |
14. | India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) | 1 Aug 2005 | ||
15. | Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement (JSEPA) | 30 Nov 2002 | ||
16. | Korea-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (KSFTA) | 2 Mar 2006 | ||
17. | MERCOSUR-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (MCSFTA) | 1 Feb 2026 | MERCOSUR Member States are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The MCSFTA entered into force for Paraguay and Singapore on 1 Feb 2026, and for Uruguay and Singapore on 1 Mar 2026. | |
18. | Pacific Alliance-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (PASFTA) | 3 May 2025 | The Pacific Alliance countries are Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The PASFTA entered into force for Chile, Peru, and Singapore on 3 May 2025. | |
19. | Panama-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (PSFTA) | 24 Jul 2006 | ||
20. | Peru-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (PeSFTA) | 1 Aug 2009 | ||
21. | Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) | 1 Jan 2022 | The RCEP entered into force for Brunei, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, China, Japan, and New Zealand on 1 Jan 2022; the Republic of Korea on 1 Feb 2022; Myanmar on 4 Mar 2022; Malaysia on 18 Mar 2022; Indonesia on 2 Jan 2023; and the Philippines on 2 Jun 2023. | |
22. | Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) | 28 Jul 2003 | The amendments to the Investment Chapter from the 3rd Review entered into force on 1 December 2017. | |
23. | Singapore-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (SCRFTA) | 1 Jul 2013 | ||
24. | Sri Lanka-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (SLSFTA) | 1 May 2018 | ||
25. | Türkiye-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (TRSFTA) | 1 Oct 2017 | ||
26. | United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (USSFTA) | 1 Jan 2004 |